repeated. Criticisms of his work need to be taken into account.1 M. Sulzberger published a monograph in 1923 on the status of labor in ancient Israel,2 and did much with the person of the alien. However, his uncritical use of sources and now questionable historical reconstruction have made his work outdated. Similarly, J. Pedersen’s anthropological study of Israel in 1927 devoted a section to the alien,3 but because he used the legal material uncritically, his conclusions need to be revised. He is